Multidimensional strategies for dissecting liver cancer heterogeneity and guiding precision medicine. (A) Tumor heterogeneity: Multi-region sampling and genomic profiling reveal branched evolutionary trajectories among intrahepatic lesions in primary liver cancer. (B) TIME heterogeneity: Single-cell and spatial omics technologies uncover diverse immune and stromal cell subsets shaping the TIME. (C) Organoid-based drug screening: Patient-derived organoids enable high-throughput evaluation of drug sensitivity and resistance mechanisms. (D) Precision medicine: Integrating tumor and TIME profiling with organoid-guided screening facilitates personalized treatment strategies for liver cancer patients. The image was created by Biorender.