Open Access
Table 2
Biomarkers and biomarker-guided refinements in TIL therapy.
| Biomarker/Marker | Description | Associated outcomes and clinical insights | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| PD-1/TOX Co-expression | Gene expression signature associated with neoantigen-specific TILs. | Prospectively identifies tumor-reactive TILs with >50% accuracy, reducing reliance on lengthy assays. | [59] |
| CD137 (4-1BB) | Surface marker upregulated upon T cell activation by tumor antigens. | Effectively enriches tumor-reactive, proliferative TILs, improving expansion and anti-tumor efficacy. | [60–62] |
| CD103 (Integrin) | Tissue-resident memory T cell marker, binds E-cadherin on tumor cells. | Correlates with improved clinical outcomes due to enhanced local immune surveillance and persistence in tumor tissue. | [31, 64, 65] |
| CXCR2/3 (Chemokine Receptor) | Guides T cells to inflammatory chemokines abundant in tumor microenvironments. | Enhances TIL homing to tumors and effective target engagement. | [22, 66] |
| Integrins LFA-1 and CD49a | Surface integrins facilitate T cell adhesion and migration to tumor sites. | Promotes tumor infiltration and stable interactions with tumor cells, potentially increasing efficacy. | [66] |
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