Table 1
Summary of categories of immunotherapy, including subtypes, agents, mechanism of action, and approved indications for advanced solid tumors.
| Type | Subtype | Agents | Mechanism | Approved indications |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors (ICI) | Pembrolizumab (Keytruda) | Binds to PD-1 to block activation by ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 | CSCC, MCC, melanoma, head/neck cancer, NSCLC, mesothelioma, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, biliary tract cancer, renal cancer, urothelial carcinoma, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, TNBC, lymphoma | |
| PD-1 inhibitors | Nivolumab (Opdivo) | Binds to PD-1 to block activation by PD-L1 and PD-L2 | Melanoma, head/neck cancer, NSCLC, mesothelioma, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, liver cancer, renal cancer, urothelial carcinoma, lymphoma | |
| Cemiplimab (Libtayo) | Binds to PD-1 to block ligand PD-L1 | CSCC, BCC, NSCLC | ||
| Atezolizumab (Tecentriq) | Binds to PD-L1 to inhibit activation with receptor PD-1 | Melanoma, alveolar soft part sarcoma, NSCLC, liver cancer, urothelial carcinoma, TNBC | ||
| Avelumab (Bavencio) | Binds to PD-L1 to inhibit activation with receptor PD-1 | MCC, renal cancer, urothelial carcinoma | ||
| PD-L1 inhibitors | ||||
| Durvalumab (Imfinzi) | Binds to PD-L1 to inhibit activation with receptor PD-1 | MCC, NSCLC, liver cancer, biliary tract cancer, endometrial cancer | ||
| Retifanlimab (Zynyz) | Binds to PD-1 to block activation by ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 | MCC | ||
| CTLA-4 inhibitor | Ipilimumab (Yervoy) | Binds to CTLA4 to inhibit downregulation of T-cell activation | Melanoma, NSCLC, mesothelioma, esophageal cancer, liver cancer, renal cancer, colorectal cancer | |
| LAG-3 inhibitor | Relatlimab/Nivolumab (Opdualag) | Nivo (see above). Relatlimab binds to LAG-3 and blocks its interaction with MHC class II on TILs | Melanoma | |
| Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy | Lifileucel (Amtagvi) | TILs are isolated, expanded in vitro with lL-2, and selected to recognize TAAs to initiate tumor lysis | Melanoma | |
| Adoptive Cell Therapies (ACT) | Engineered T-cell receptor (TCR) therapy | Afamitresgene autoleucel (Tecelra) | Engineered T lymphocytes target MAGE-A4 | Synovial sarcoma |
| Tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah) | Engineered T lymphocytes target CD19 antigen | Lymphoma, leukemia | ||
| CAR T-cell therapy | Axicabtagene ciloleucel (Yescarta) | Engineered peripheral blood T lymphocytes (PBTL) target CD19 antigen | Lymphoma | |
| Lisocabtagene maraleucel (Breyanzi) | Engineered CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes target CD19 antigen | Lymphoma, leukemia | ||
| Ciltacabtagene autoleucel (Carvykti) | Engineered T lymphocytes target BCMA | Multiple myeloma | ||
| Idecabtagene vicleucel (Abecma) | Engineered PBTLs target BCMA | Multiple myeloma | ||
| Brexucabtagene autoleucel (Tecartus) | Engineered PBTLs target CD19 antigen | Lymphoma, leukemia | ||
| Oncolytic Virus Therapy (OVT) | Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC, Imlygic) | Selectively replicates in tumors cells to induce lysis, GM-CSF attracts immune cells | Melanoma | |
| Cancer Vaccines | Dendritic cell vaccine | Sipuleucel-T (Provenge) | Generates immune response against PAP | Prostate cancer |
| Whole cell vaccine | Bacillus Calmette-Guérin | Mechanism unclear, likely activates a Th1 cytokine response | Bladder cancer | |
| Personalized cancer vaccine | mRNA-4157 | Targets tumor-associated antigens with personalized mRNA | Melanoma |
Abbreviations: BCC: Basal Cell Carcinoma; BCMA: B-Cell Maturation Antigen; CD: Cluster of Differentiation; CSCC: Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma; CTLA4: Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4; CTL: Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte; GM-CSF: Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor; LAG-3: Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3; MAGE-A4: Melanoma-Associated Antigen A4; MCC: Merkel Cell Carcinoma; NSCLC: Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer; PAP: Prostatic Acid Phosphatase; PD-1: Programmed Death-1; PD-L1: Programmed Death-Ligand 1; PD-L2: Programmed Death-Ligand 2; TAAs: Tumor-Associated Antigens; TNBC: Triple Negative Breast Cancer.
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