Open Access
Review
Table A1
The parameters for particle therapy systems from Chinese institutes and overseas vendors.
| Accelerator | Synchrotron | Synchrotron | Synchrotron | Synchrotron | Synchro-cyclotron | Synchrocy-clotron | Cyclotron | Cyclotron |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Institute/Vendor | Shanghai Ruijin Hospital | Lanzhou, IMP | Shanghai Proton and Heavy IonCenter (Siemens) | Hitachi | IBA S2C2 Proteus ONE | MeVion S250i Hyperscan | IBA Proteus 235 | Varian ProBeam |
| Particle type | Proton | Carbon ions | Proton and carbon ions | Proton and carbon ions | Proton | Proton | Proton | Proton |
| Energy range | 70–235 MeV | 70–400 MeV/u | P: 48–221 MeV, C: 85–430 MeV/u | P: 70–250 MeV, C: 120–480 MeV/u | Max. 230/235 MeV | Max. 227 MeV | 70–230 MeV | 70–250 MeV |
| Dose rate | >2 Gy/min/L | 1.0 Gy/min/L | 2 Gy/min/L, 2nA | 2 Gy/min/L | ||||
| Extraction intensity | 4–8 × 1010 p/spill | 6 × 108 ions/spill | 2 × 1010 p/spill, 5 × 108 ions/spill | 2.8 × 107 p/s | ||||
| Accelerator configuration | FODO, 8 bends | 6-fold symmetry | 6 Dipoles, 10 Quadrupoles (conventional); 4 Dipoles and 4 Quadrupoles (new) | Superconduting synchrocy-clotron | Superconduting synchrocy-clotron | Isochronous cyclotron | Isochronous superconducting cyclotron | |
| Cicumference or Diameter | 24.6 m | 56.2 m | 64.8 m | 23 m (conventional) and 18 m (new) | 2.5 m | 1.8 m | 4.34 m | 3.2 m |
| Injection | Multi-trun | Multi-trun injection by an LINAC | Multi-trun injection by an LINAC | |||||
| Ion source | ECR 7 MeV | 6.8 MeV/u, 10 uA by a cyclotron | ECR 7 MeV/u | ECR 7 MeV/u | PIG | PIG | PIG | PIG |
| RF system | 1–7 MHz, Max. Voltage: 2.5 kV | 1.6–8 MHz (conventional), 1.3–10 MHz (new) | 90–60 MHz, Voltage: 7–10 kV | 106 MHz | 72.8 MHz | |||
| Repetition frequency | 0.5–0.1 Hz (variable) | 1 kHz | 750 Hz | CW | CW | |||
| Extraction | RF-knockout slow extraction | RF-knockout slow extraction | 3rd order resonance extraction | RF-driven slow extraction | Passive regenerative | Electrostatic deflector | Electrostatic deflector | |
| Pulse duration | 1–10 s | 0.5–5 s | 10 μs | 10 μs | ||||
| Energy modulation | SEE and MEE | SEE | SEE and MEE | ESS in gantry | No ESS, range shifting plates in gantry | ESS in BTS | ESS in BTS | |
| Magnetic Field central/extraction | 1.7 T | 5.75/5 T | 0.9/2.188 T | 2.4/4 T | ||||
| Beam ON/OFF time | <150 us | <15 us | <300 us | |||||
| Energy switch time | 8 s for SEE, 0.2 s for MEE | 2 s for SEE, 0.2 s for MEE | 50 ms | |||||
| Reference | [18] | [19, 20] | Huang and Li | [7, 15, 21] | [22–24] | [25, 26] | [27, 28] | [17, 29] |
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